The author offers various bases of criminal legislation on the offence of refusing in testimony and further analyses four factors constituting the offence of refusing in testimony. 作者為拒證行為的刑事立法提供了參考的依據，並在此基礎上，探析了拒證罪應具備的四個犯罪構成要件。
This paper attempts to make a thorough and throretiacal research into the criminal offence of medical malpractice by a carful study of the four key elements of criminal action. 筆者嘗試從刑法犯罪構成的四要素對醫療事故罪刑進行深入的理論的探討。
