Researchers into nonlinear systems and cellular automata at the Santa Fe Institute and elsewhere have demonstrated that simple, undirected processes can yield extraordinarily complex patterns.

• 在美国圣塔菲研究所与其他研究机构，研究非线性系统与细胞自动机的科学家已经证明，简单又没有方向的过程可以产生极为复杂的模式。