Ice dam, ice cover and ice jam, which are formed by stack, jammed and collective ice, can increase river resistance and water stage, resulting in flood, construction damage and navigation problems.

• 冰块堆积,堵塞和聚集形成的冰坝、冰盖和冰塞会导致河道阻力增加,致使上游水位上涨,并可能造成冰期洪水,建筑物破坏,航运不畅等危害。