As early as the eleventh century philosophical discussion had begun again in Europe, and there were great and growing universities at Paris, Oxford, Bologna and other centres.

• 早在11世纪，哲学讨论在欧洲就已经重新开始，巴黎、牛津、波伦亚和其他人口密集的地区都有很好的大学，并且规模日益扩大。