Dewey's project starts with the critique of the dualistic opposition between knowing and doing and the abasement of the latter in the Western spectator tradition of philsosphy. 这个计尽首先批判西方旁观者哲学传统中的知行二元对立和对行的贬低。
On the background of the development of west ethnics, Macintyre firmly claimed that Hume Problem was the result that westethnics excluded Aristotle philosophy. 麦金太尔将休谟伦理难题置于西方伦理思想发展的大背景之下,断然认定休谟伦理难题之所以能够产生,是西方伦理思想拒斥亚里士多德哲学传统的结果。