The nature of point defects and their concentration in any solid are determined by the consideration of chemical equilibrium between the various species. 在任何固体中，点缺陷的种类和他们的浓度可以通过考虑不同物种之间的化学平衡来得到。
The methods for experimental investigation, such as chemical equilibrium and EMF methods, are discussed in detail in conjuction with critical comments on typical research work. 结合有代表性的研究工作评价了该研究领域中典型的研究测试方法，其中重点评价了化学平衡法和原电池电动势法用于此类研究的利弊。
