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- Effluent Charge Regulation (ECR) is a major environmental economic policy with the main purpose of reducing pollutants. 摘要排污收费制度是一项广泛应用的以减少污染物排放为主要目的的环境经济政策。
- effluent charge regulation 排污收费
- That is, rather than adopting "pure" effluent charge systems, governments have chosen a combination of direct regulation and charges. 政府不是采用“纯粹”的污水排放收费制度，而是选择了制订规章和排污收费相结合的办法。
- A "pure" effluent charge system requires payment of a fee or tax on each unit of pollution released into the air or water. “纯粹”排污收费制度要求付款和缴税，按照释放到空气或者水中污染物的量缴纳。
- Fixing the levels of effluent charges poses some severe problems. 把排污收费规定在一个水平上，又引起一些严重问题。
- Effluent charges Payment for direct releases into the environment. 排污税,排污费对直接向环境中排放污染物所征收的费用。
- It should be noted that under a pure effluent charge system there would be no requirement that a polluter limit his discharges at all. 应该注意到，一个纯粹的污水排放收费制度可能不会规定污染者限制自己的污水排放。
- Like these penalties, existing effluent charge systems in other countries involve fees on discharges in excess of fixed effluent standards. 像这些惩罚一样，其他国家现行的污水排放收费制度也涉及到超过特定污水标准收费问题。
- In this paper,an incentive mechanism for implementation of effluent charge under unsymmetrical information was designed. 应用激励机制设计理论设计了有限信息下应用排污收费对排污者进行管理的一种激励机制。
- Like an effluent charge system, a system of marketable permits would provide a continuous incentive to reduce pollution, since retained permits would tie up funds which could be freed by sale of unneeded permits for the going price. 正像污水排放收费制度一样，一种可出售的许可证制度就是提供一种持续的减少污染的鼓励，因为持有许可证就会占用资金，占用的资金又可通过出售没有必要的许可证而获得解脱。
- There is no continuing incentive under either a pure regulatory system or a system involving a combination of direct regulation plus effluent charges payable only on discharges in excess of the regulatory limits. 无论是纯粹的规章制度或是二者结合的制度（即制定规章加超过标准排放额外付款的方法），都不会有连续性的鼓励。
- Once the permits had been allocated initially, they would be transferable, and sale prices would function as free-market equivalents of officially established effluent charges. 一旦许可证开始分配，它们就会被转让，就会作为一种官方建立的污水排放收费自由市场的等同物而发挥作用。
- Despite avowed allegiance to the free market system, private businesses are among the strongest opponents of effluent charges. 尽管私人商业拥护自由市场机制，但是他们仍然是排污收费最强烈的反对者。
- A Government Regulation Model of Effluent Charge in a Duopoly Market 寡头垄断市场排污收费的政府调控模型
- A 10% service charge is added on to the bill. 帐单上包括了百分之十的服务费。
- Dangerous effluent is being poured into our rivers. 有害的废水正流入我们的江河里。
- Because of shortcomings in the first three types of public intervention enumerated above, economists and others have shown increasing interest in effluent charges and marketable discharge permits. 由于以上列举的三种公共干预的缺点，经济学家和其他一些人，已经对排污收费和排污许可的可购买性表现出日益增高的兴趣。
- Do they charge carriage by bulk? 他们是否按体积计算运费？
- Please charge these bills to my account. 请把这些帐单记在我的账上。
- It's wrong of you to get around the regulation. 你存心规避规章制度是不对的。
