The nature of point defects and their concentration in any solid are determined by the consideration of chemical equilibrium between the various species. 在任何固體中，點缺陷的種類和他們的濃度可以通過考慮不同物種之間的化學平衡來得到。
The methods for experimental investigation, such as chemical equilibrium and EMF methods, are discussed in detail in conjuction with critical comments on typical research work. 結合有代表性的研究工作評價了該研究領域中典型的研究測試方法，其中重點評價了化學平衡法和原電池電動勢法用於此類研究的利弊。
