I will refer to the patent situation. 專利的情況會在說明競爭產品時一併提出。
One who owns the patent right enjoys the exclusive right to exploit it. 持專利權的人享有實施這項專利的絕對權力。
A corporation is separate legal entity Chartered by the state. 股份有限公司是州政特許的獨立的法律主體。
The institute is a branch of the National Academy of Sciences, an independent organization chartered by Congress to adise the goernment on scientific matters. 學會是國家科學專業研究機構的分支之一，是一個受國會特許的獨立組織，為政府提供科學問題的建議和指導。
