Wounded in France in the first world war, he became an intelligence officer in Tangier in 1942-43 and helped prepare the ground for the Allied landing in north Africa.

• 第一次世界大战期间他在法国负伤，1942年到1943年间他成为了一位在丹吉尔任职的情报官员并为盟军在北非的登陆作战出谋划策。