With Multi-party system and economic development involving rural population in the process of modernization, the modernization pattern of authoritarianism was challenged.

• 奥斯曼帝国的改革和凯末尔改革都遵循着自上而下的权威主义模式,改革的内容主要集中在军事和政治方面,经济现代化长期受到忽视。