William Bradford Shockley was born in London, where his father, a mining engineer, and mother, a mineral surveyor, were on a business assignment.Home-schooled in Palo Alto, Calif.

• 因为这后来的二、三十年来在晶体管技术上的发展，迫使整个工业系统，如同许多企业投入这套构想并且开始发展该组件应用在商业上的可行性。