While racial profiling may occur on a subtle level, where a person may not be fully aware that he or she is operating on a basis of racial stereotyping, hate crime activity requires an overt motive.

• 由于以貌取人也许不表现在脸上，因此，当事人可能没有意识到他/她在从事种族偏见的行为，而仇恨犯罪需要一个明显的动机。