While playing an inglorious role in modern Chinese history, Western Catholicism and Protestantism manipulated and controlled Chinese churches turning them into the appendages to Western religious orders and mission societies.

• 西方天主教、基督教在中国近代史上被利用来充当这些不光彩角色的同时，还操纵、控制中国教会，使中国教会变成西方修会、差会的附庸。