We can trace four lineages of vertebrate cone pigments, named descriptively after the spectral region in which they are most sensitive: long-wavelength, mid-wavelength, short-wavelength and ultraviolet.

• 我们可以追溯出脊椎动物四种锥细胞视色素的演化路径，名称分别反应出它们最敏感的光谱波段：长波长、中波长、短波长与紫外光。