Thus,beginning with the fifteenth century,where our story finds us,Paris had already outgrown the three concentric circles of walls which,from the time of Julian the Apostate,existed,so to speak,in germ in the Grand-Chatelet and the Petit-Chatelet.

• 因此，我们暂且就以十五世纪来说吧，那时巴黎就已经冲破那三道同心圆的城垣了，远在叛教者朱利安时代，大堡和小堡就可以说是这三道城垣的胚胎了。