This chapter considers the historical antecedents to GIS-T and shows how this branch of GIS has benefited from research in many areas including geography, computer science, and operations research.

• 这一章认为，历史的前因后果，以地理信息系统为T和说明，这个分公司的地理信息系统得益于研究，在许多领域，包括地理，计算机科学，运筹学。