These works illustrate the localistic and reformist tendency evidenced throughout India in the vernacular literatures, especially in Tamil, Bengali, and Hindi.

• 这些作品表现出地方色彩，遍及印度的改革主义者趋向表现在本国的文学作品里，尤其是表现在泰米尔人、孟加拉人和北印度人上。