There are overlaps in some degree between loneliness and alone, depression or alienation, which represent different psychological state and trait, and each one of them,having independent structure.

• 对孤独及其与独处、抑郁、疏离感的区别与联系进行了尝试性地探讨,旨在对孤独的概念予以澄清,对相近概念加以辨析,为孤独研究的可操作化奠定基础,促进孤独的应对与干预研究。