Theologians, notably Erasmus and Martin Luther, challenged the Aristotelian status quo, introducing radical new ideas of justification and faith (for more, see Religion below).

• 神学家，尤其是伊拉斯谟斯和马丁路德，挑战亚里士多德的现状，介绍了激进的新思路的理由和信念（更多信息，请参阅宗教下文） 。