The serf, in the period of serfdom, raised himself to membership in the commune, just as the petty bourgeois, under the yoke of feudal absolutism, managed to develop into a bourgeois.

• 农奴曾经在农奴制度下挣扎到公社成员的地位，小资产者曾经在封建专制制度的束缚下挣扎到资产者的地位。