The numbers of them once surpass that of the intelligentsia and the resigned bureaucrat, which causes the extreme expansion of Hunan gentry forces in the period of Xianfeng and Tongzhi.

• 其数量之多，曾一度超过了作为绅士主体的举贡生员和离退职官燎，导致了咸、同时期湖南绅权势力的极度膨胀。