The most widely used ones are caustic soda, silicates (especially sodium metasilicate, which is a very powerful emulsifier), trisodium phosphate (the well-known TSP), sodium polyphosphates and sodium bicarbonate.

• 使用最广的有氢氧化钠、硅酸盐（特别是偏硅酸钠，是一种强有力的乳化剂）、磷酸三钠（著名的TSP）、多磷酸钠及碳酸氢钠。