The ground deformations in loess tunnels are divided into three types,namely ground fracture,ground collapse and settlement pit,and ponor.

• 已建和在建的黄土地区的很多隧道出现了地表变形灾害,黄土隧道的地表变形一般有以下三种类型:地表裂缝,地表塌陷和陷穴、落水洞。