The first stage was one of superficial, perceptual knowledge, as shown in the indiscriminate anti-foreign stuggles of the Movement of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Yi Ho Tuan Movement, and so on.

• 第一阶段是表面的感性的认识阶段，表现在太平天国运动和义和团运动等笼统的排外主义的斗争上。