The ever-cheerful UNDP said in 1999 that the basins of the Nile, Niger, Volta and Zambezi were all potential flashpoints.

• 观察家对此已作出最为悲观的预测。1999年，信誓旦旦的联合国开发计划署曾表示，尼罗河、尼日尔河、沃尔特河以及赞比西河流域都是潜在的火药桶。