The consequences can be grotesque: in the city of Dzerzhinsk, in Russia, decades of slapdash handling of chemical waste has reduced male life expectancy to just 42 years.

• 其危害结果难于预料。在俄罗斯的捷尔任斯克，数十年对化工废料的随意处理使得当地男性公民的预期寿命减至42岁。