The absence of fever, dyspnea, hemoptysis, and pleuritic chest pain reduces the likelihood of pneumonia, although these features are frequently absent in elderly patients with pneumonia.

• 没有发烧，咯血，和胸膜炎性胸痛降低了肺炎的可能性，尽管这些特点肺炎老龄病人常有缺损。