The Ming and Ching Dynasty was the time that many kinds of traditional operas and xiao-qus populated.The relationship between them was very closed and complicated.

• 明、清为各类戏曲盛行的年代，同时也是民间小曲颇为繁兴的时期，两者的关系颇为密切，彼此间存在著许多复杂的牵连。