The Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution that followed caused a tumultuous transformation in Europe. Shaking off its feudal shackles in ideology and social systems,Europe created a brave new world for itself.

• 相续的启蒙运动和工业革命使到欧洲有了翻天覆地的变革，尤其是在意识形态、社会制度方面大大超脱了封建束缚，使欧洲呈现出一个崭新的局面。