Reproduction in lichens may be asexual by soredia (algal cells enclosed by fungal hyphae) or by sexual fungal spores, which can survive only if some algal cells are also present.

• 地衣可以利用粉芽（真菌菌丝包裹藻类细胞）进行无性生殖或利用真菌孢子进行有性生殖。