Non-family partnerships, joint ventures, the system of double-entry bookkeeping, the bill of lading, the bill of exchange, and marine insurance were evolved to facilitate trade.

• 非家族式的合伙生意、联营企业、帐目收支用复式系统记录、提货单、汇票和航海保险等一一衍生，以方便贸易的进行。