Mouse models of this genetic defect have been unsatisfactory because homozygote null animals die early in development and heterozygotes do not exhibit a cardiac phenotype.

• 此种遗传缺陷的小鼠模式仍然不能令人满足，因其纯合体空白动物在发展中早期死亡，而杂合体不能显示心脏表型。