Modeling tools and techniques include linear, network, discrete and nonlinear optimization, heuristic methods, sensitivity and post-optimality analysis, decomposition methods for large-scale systems, and stochastic optimization.

• 建模工具和方法涵盖线性规划，网络规划，离散规划，非线性规划，启发式方法，灵敏度分析，事后最优性分析，大规模系统的分解方法和随机规划。