Long wars with the Mongols, incursions by the Japanese into Korea, and harassment of Chinese coastal cities by the Japanese in the sixteenth century weakened Ming rule, which became, as earlier Chinese dynasties had, ripe for an alien takeover.

• 与蒙古的长期作战，日本入侵朝鲜，以及16世纪倭寇在中国沿海城市横行都大大削弱了明朝的统治势力--而这一切都如明朝之前的汉族朝代一样--为外族政权统治中国创造了成熟的条件。