It concerns not only the solid earth (or lithosphere), as geology generally does, but also deals with the outer fluid circles of the earth, including hydrosphere and atmosphere.

• 故其探讨范围包含广泛，上自天文（太阳系），中经大气、海洋，下至地质研究，可说是一种整合不同科技的科学，它的综合性或错综性便是其特点之一。