It also became clear that lending to the real economy was underpinned by a huge and opaque trading network involving complex products, which few understood and where risks went undetected.

• 人们还明显地看到，对实体经济的贷款，受到涉及复杂产品的巨大不透明交易网络的支撑，但几乎无人了解这些产品，其风险也未被发现。