In the provinces along the seacoast and in the Yangtze Valley where foreign capital penetrated and where mercantile and small industrial cities grew up, the power of the rural gentry in many cases had to be shared with city merchants.

• 沿海和长江流域的省份是外国资本渗入的地方，市镇工商业比较发达，乡绅的权力往往为城市商人所分享。