In the 1920s, the personnel administration movement, scientific management and rising real wages combined to offer American workers what was advertised as an efficient alternative to unionism.

• 20年代的人事管理运动，科学管理运动以及不断增加的实际工资，为美国工人提供了另外一种选择，这种选择被宣传成能有效地取代工会主义。