In general, there are more personal reference, substitution and reiteration other than repetition in English and more ellipsis (especially zero anaphora, ZA for short) and repetition in Chinese.

• 一般说来，英语中存在更多的人称照应、替代以及除原词复现之外的重复，而省略(尤其是零回指)和原词复现则大量出现在汉语中。