In Leibniz, the concepts of material, idea and perception, quality and quantity, space and time, and ego are in a close relationship to the concept of substance.

• 在莱布尼茨那里,物质、表象与知觉、质与量、空间与时间、自我等范畴与实体密切相关。 关于这些范畴,他阐述的基本观念有:物质是模糊表象的现象;