If the utility of flam is larger than the utility of veracity, the punishment on liar is very light and the cost of check up liar is very high, the distortion of statistical information is inevitable.

• 如果说假话的效用大于说真话的效用、对说假话者处罚的力度过轻、审查说假话者的成本过高,统计信息必然失真。