However, with its establishment by the end of the 16th century, the primitive communes had been changed by the feudalism and became powerful tools in defensing and enforcing the serf system in Russia.

• 但在俄国农奴制度16世纪末确立之后，农村公社本身也为封建主义所改造，反过来它又成为维护和加强俄国农奴制度的有力工具。