However, from here cause a problem right away, the civil service exam abrogates hereafter, where do officials come from?

• 本文主要从普通生员、学生等社会基层人员入手，试图通过考察清末民初国家官员选拔制度的变迁，探讨科举废除后知识分子的分化流向和民初官员的来源。