He received MA, MALD, and PhD degrees from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and a BA magna cum laude and honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Central Methodist College.

• 他曾获得文学硕士学位、法律外交学硕士学位、弗莱彻学院法学和外交系颁发的博士学位，以优异的成绩获得农学学士学位，被中央卫理公会学院授予人道文学荣誉博士。