Global optimization porblems abound in economic modeling, finance, networks and transportation, databases, chip design, image processing, chemical engineering design and control, molecular biology, and environmental engineering.

• 全局最优化问题广泛见于经济模型，金融，网络交通，数据库，集成电路设计，图象处理，化学工程设计及控制，分子生物学，环境工程学等等。