From 1861 to the eve of the October Revolution in 1917, Russian Empire was full of contradictions and contrasts. The newly emerging political forces and the revolutionary intellectuals were consistently confined by a rigid autocracy.

• 从1861年到1917年十月革命前夕,沙俄帝国充满了矛盾和反差现象,新生的政治力量和革命知识分子始终被禁锢在一个专制的僵化政体中。