Defensive structures exist on a variety of scales, from small hairs on the leaf surface which may trap insects and other invertebrates, to large spines which deter mammalian herbivores.

• 防御结构在各种水平上都存在，从叶表面可陷住昆虫及其他无脊椎动物的微小绒毛，到可阻止哺乳类草食动物的大型针刺。