Consociation A climax of natural vegetation dominated by one particular species, such as oakwood, dominated by the oak tree, or Calluna heathland dominated by the heather, Calluna vulgaris.

• 单优种群落；小社会群；单优种群丛：由单一的物种占优势地位的自然植被的顶级群落。例如在橡树林中，橡树就占绝对的优势。在欧洲石楠丛生的荒野，石楠花就占绝对的优势。