By the end of the 19th century,Xinjiang had 13 ethnic groups,namely,Uygur,Han,Kazak,Mongolian,Hui,Kirgiz,Manchu,Xibe,Tajik,Daur,Ozbek,Tatar and Russian. The Uygurs formed the majority,as they do today.

• 至十九世纪末，新疆已有维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、蒙古、回、柯尔克孜、满、锡伯、塔吉克、达斡尔、乌孜别克、塔塔尔、俄罗斯共13个民族，以维吾尔族为主体，形成了新的多民族聚居分布格局。